The performance management system of Colbran Medical Institute Essay

The presentation the board arrangement of Colbran Medical Institute - Essay Example They will in general contribute towards their association steadfastly and conscientiously just when they are persuaded, and their commitments are esteemed and increased in value by their association. Esteeming ones commitment and supporting their drives is conceivable just when an association understands its employees’ commitment in a manner it ought to be figured it out. This is conceivable with legitimate execution of a target execution the executives framework. Utilizing target proportions of execution assessment makes representatives understood that association follows procedural equity and prizes them as per their commitment. The final product of target execution assessment is inspiration, responsibility, support, work fulfillment, and more prominent representative maintenance that contribute towards organization’s benefit over the long haul. In addition, with target execution evaluation followed by great prize organization makes workers steadfast and progressively dedicated towards their particular associations. In this way, we can say that target execution assessment followed by execution examination went with appropriate prize organization makes representatives roused and submitted towards the association. ... At the point when associations impart their workers the exhibition measures and key execution markers obviously, that helps organizations in accomplishing upper hand since representatives with an away from of what is anticipated from them, as far as their presentation, become increasingly dedicated and submitted towards the association. They will in general direct their practices toward a path that lead towards fruitful culmination of their assignments. What's more, with the executives by targets (MBO) and clear execution guidelines, workers get a reasonable track and set their individual objectives in pursue of accomplishing authoritative destinations. As indicated by Armstrong (2000), execution the board is a mutual procedure among representatives and administrators. In immense associations, supervisors set clear destinations and execution gauges, and impart them to the workers so they can coordinate their practices towards the achievement of hierarchical objectives. Be that as it may, the fundamental reason for execution the board as laid out by Armstrong (2000) is the foundation and recognizable proof of the methods for showing signs of improvement yield or results at individual, group, and hierarchical level by imparting the exhibition gauges and destinations plainly to every one of the element whose commitment towards the association is considered as commendable and significant. As indicated by Philpott and Sheppard (1992), the principal objective of the usage and foundation of execution the executives framework is to build up an authoritative culture that sustains representatives for constant improvement of business forms and their own aptitudes, information, and capacities. Provision of a rule and advancement of a working stepping stool is

Discuss the importance and dramatic significance of Act 1 scene 5 in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Examine the significance and emotional essentialness of Act 1 scene 5 in Romeo and Juliet Essay In Act 1 scene 5 there us an importance that isn't in some other scene since it is the place the two primary characters meet and become hopelessly enamored. It is additionally significant on the grounds that it is the place the catastrophe is set up to happen.In the opening of Act 1 scene 5 the climate is occupied, as the hirelings prepare for the Capulet ball saying:Away with the john stools, expel the court pantry, look to the plate. Great thou, spare me a bit of marchpane, and as tho cherishes me, let the doorman let in Susan Grindstone and Nell.This is rather than the completion of the last scene where rather than the occupied and upbeat climate the crowd would have been feeling a scene of premonition from Romeos hunch of his death.As Romeo enters the Capulets party, Capulet invites his visitors and offers them to move, prodding the ladies that in the event that they don't, he will declare that they have corns. This discourse Capulet gives has importance since it shows a greater amount of Lord Capulets character. Likewise it features the contrasts between the old and the youthful. He does references to the examination between the steadiness old enough and the vitality of young people. Capulet likewise alludes to when he was youthful when he says:That I could wear a visor and could tell a murmuring story in a reasonable ladys ear, for example, would please; tis gone, tis gone, tis gone.This alludes to the general significance of the play giving pictures of all the typical things in life.The explanation behind Romeo needing to go to Capulets party was with the goal that he could see his adoration Rosaline. Anyway once he sees Juliet he falls in a split second infatuated with her and overlooks the out of reach Rosaline. At the point when Romeo first observes Juliet he utilizes symbolism such as,O doth instruct the lights to consume brilliant implying that she is the main light in the room. Before that Romeos character indicated that he delighted in being tragi c, being heartsick; he thinks he is being not kidding however it is just when he encounters genuine affection that he understands how mixed up he has been to date. He utilized traditional colorful elegant language, which envelops his estimations with such a significant number of words it very well may be hard to work out what he truly implies when talking about Rosaline, yet at this point Romeo is talking clearly, we know precisely what he implies and have no trouble is seeing precisely what his actual feelings are since Romeo is talking from his heart. Yet additionally when Romeo first discussions about Juliet he likewise again gives the crowd a feeling of premonition saying:The measure done, Ill watch her place of stand, and contacting hers, make favored my impolite hand.This delightful, serene verse, which Romeo uses to communicate his quick love for Juliet, is as opposed to the short furious upheavals of Tybalt. Tybalts short sentences and outrage uncover a repressed dissatisfac tion, which causes the crowd to feel tension for Romeo. Tybalt responds like this since he trusts Romeo to be there to,A scoundrel that is here come in demonstrate hatred for, to hate at out seriousness this nightLord Capulet, anyway when he understands that the outsider in his home is Romeo, a Montague, he doesn't let Tybalt make an object and ruin the night. In his discourses, he is making gracious casual discussion with his visitors and simultaneously turning aside and talking discreetly to Tybalt instructing him to stay out of other people's affairs, he doesn't need an object made before his guests.Tybalt is a totally different character, red hot and pugnacious, prepared to battle at any rate opportunity, Ill not suffer him, and is just barely controlled by Capulet from moving Romeo to a battle. Clearly his character resembles this in the remainder of the play. Tybalts upheaval additionally connections to the motivation behind why act 1 scene 5 is significant. On the off chance that Tybalt had not discovered Romeo was at the gathering, at that point a large portion of the remainder of the play would not of come out the way it did.The first time the two primary characters meet; Shakespeare has their words in a poem. He does this to show the amount Romeo and Juliet are on top of one another. He likewise utilizes Religious pictures to show this such as:For holy people have hands that travelers hands do contact, and palm to palm is heavenly palmers kiss Shakespeare is attempting to appear here how genuine Romeo and Juliet are just as how good they are. Likewise this identifies with the recorded setting of the play since in Shakespeare times a 14-line work was popular.Juliets reactions to Romeos words in the poem are generally strict pictures. Toward the start of the play, Juliet appears to be very guiltless and unconscious of adoration. At the point when her mom initially raises the subject of marriage, she says quietly, It is a respect that I dream not of. In any case, when she experiences passionate feelings for Romeo, she is happy to hazard everything including her life to be with him, despite the fact that she is hesitant to take the resting draft. She envisions waking in the burial chamber encompassed by the groups of the dead, yet she is as yet arranged to proceed with the plan.When the darlings share their first kiss, the crowd knowing the sensational incongruity now should feel a feeling of repulsiveness realizing what may happen to them through the characters foreboding.Before Romeo and Juliet discover who each other are, the crowd would have had a feeling of emotional incongruity. At the point when Romeo discovers Juliets personality, Shakespeare attempts to cause the crowd to feel anticipation since Juliet was at this point to know. This is particularly obvious when Juliet is asking her medical attendant what Romeos name is and the medical caretaker continues missing the point. Indeed, even before Juliet discovers, she gives t he crowd a feeling of premonition where she additionally observes her own demise saying,My grave is probably going to be my wedding bed.Two recordings gave 2 unique methods of coordinating the play Romeo and Juliet. One was finished by Baz Luhrman in 1996, and the other by Franco Zeffirelli in 1968. Zeffirelli gave a Shakespearian adaptation of Romeo and Juliet with the outfits and setting and Music. Anyway Luhrman did an advanced form. The two forms chose outfits for the characters to suit their character in the play. For instance in Luhrmans rendition Juliet is dressed as a holy messenger to give her immaculateness, besides in Zeffirellis form Juliet was dress in a long red dress, which could show Juliet to represent love. I think the best form were the Luhrmans variant. This is on the grounds that I think the ensembles in this form were more successful and important than in Zeffirellis form for instance, Tybalts outfit was a fallen angel, this was presumably to show his irate cha racter. Likewise Lord Capulet was dressed as a Roman head, this might be a direct result of Capulets want to get his own way.In decision act 1 is significant in light of the fact that it is the place the two principle characters meet begin to look all starry eyed at and sets up the catastrophe. As it said in the last scene with Romeos premonition. And furthermore during the scene, where Juliet additionally has a premonition. Additionally in this scene there is a key point where Tybalt state he needs vengeance. In the event that he hadnt of been determined to vindicate in view of Romeos interruption, at that point the remainder of the play would not of happened the manner in which it did.

How will climate change affect the trucking industry

By what means will environmental change influence the trucking business On the off chance that you go into nursing or educating, your vocation most likely won’t be influenced much by changes to the earth around you. All things considered, your activity is contained inside four dividers, for the most part in a steady, temperature-controlled condition. Wild changes in atmosphere or climate are probably not going to do a lot to your vocation in the long haul. However, consider the possibility that you have an increasingly open air confronting work, where ecological changes can affect what you’re doing, where you do it, and how you do it. That’s one reason that environmental change can possibly have a major effect on the trucking business in the years to come. It may appear truck drivers won’t be significantly affected by ecological changes-all things considered, cargo will at present need to get from guide A toward point B, in any case. In any case, changes in atmosphere, temperature, and even the trucks themselves are for the mo st part liable to influence how drivers carry out their responsibilities. In spite of the fact that there is still a decent arrangement of difference about the reasons for environmental change and its plausible effects, let’s take a gander at certain ways environmental change might influence the trucking industry.Some sorts of trucking will turn out to be significantly more difficult.If you’ve ever observed a scene of the show Ice Road Truckers, you realize that it includes shipping freight in the far north’s generally solidified, deceptive zones. As per Scientific American, the streets and courses utilized for this style of trucking are in genuine peril if warming patterns proceed. It will be dangerous to make the streets that these truckers right now use, constraining the spots these streets can go. Furthermore, the season for driving in these cold districts will be considerably shorter, influencing timetables and key courses, just as truckers’ capacity to get in and out.Fuel costs may rise.According to AllTrucking.com, this is one of the more prompt outcomes of environmental change and warming. For certifiable instances of how this functions, perceive how fuel costs have ascended after major cataclysmic climate occasions like Hurricanes Harvey and Irma. Numerous atmosphere researchers expect that extraordinary tempests like these will keep on being progressively normal and continuous as environmental change advances. This developing flightiness implies that truckers and coordinations experts ought to hope to see critical variances in fuel costs. This directly affects business for trucking organizations and drivers themselves and will probably prompt more developments with regards to making trucks and transportation more affordable and more efficient.Trucks should turn out to be more fuel-efficient.To counter rising fuel costs and deficiencies, a significant part of the trucking industry’s ebb and flow center is around maki ng more eco-friendly vehicles for moving cargo. Discharges from vehicles, including trucks, are viewed as one of the main supporters of environmental change issues. So as to have trucks have less effect on nature and guarantee that they’re utilizing less assets to take care of business, that implies refining motors, tires, and other truck parts to boost trucks’ effectiveness. Furthermore, it’s not simply trucks themselves-drivers may need to adjust for eco-friendliness too, changing pace and lingering time to build mileage and decline carbon emissions.Trucks of things to come will require reasonable technology.â€Å"Sustainability† is the trendy expression that applies here. Trucking is an extremely non-renewable energy source substantial industry, depending on gas and diesel to control the coordinations. And keeping in mind that it might appear to be senseless to think about a major apparatus driving by with sun powered boards on top, this is an undeniab le chance later on. â€Å"Green† transportation innovation is developing progressively mainstream (think Tesla), and organizations are attempting to discover approaches to make existing vehicles like trucks run on cross breed power sources (like gas and power) or totally on efficient power vitality sources like electric, clean residential fills, and possibly sun oriented force sometime in the future. The U.S. government’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is centered around creating cutting edge advancements that will make the trucking business all the more sustainable.Supply chain coordinations may change.It’s likely that trucking changes will occur as a major aspect of more extensive changes in the coordinations business. Distribution centers, dispatching centers, and carports may see expanded activities around reusing, ecological manageability, crisis readiness, and different approaches that attention on diminishing the carbon impression of the business. Furthermore, contingent upon whether a few locales become increasingly inclined to outrageous climate, it could influence arranged courses and lead to various travel designs for truck drivers. Also, it’s not simply trucking-explicit concerns-interruptions in electrical force and interchanges by and large can effectsly affect the transportation business when all is said in done. As the transportation business attempts to make up for these potential issues, the trucking business will follow suit.Emergency readiness will be much more important.Truckers should be set up for whatever occurs out and about mechanical issues, traffic issues, blocked courses, the works. When something goes wrong, it’s regularly simply the trucker and their apparatus stuck investigating until they can get securely to the following spot. Furthermore, with a potential increment in extraordinary climate occasions, that implies having strong crisis designs set up. Trucking organiza tions and individual drivers will be entrusted with guaranteeing that everybody is completely prepared on the most proficient method to react to any occasion securely and efficiently.An case of this sort of venture up in crisis arranging is the manner by which the TSA has reacted to security and dread dangers, creating modern screening and readiness designs if there should arise an occurrence of crisis. Since such an extensive amount trucking relies upon the climate and capacity of the drivers to get from Point A to Point B, we could see the business create comparative huge scope intends to make up for climate disasters.Truckers may require more and diverse training.In request to turn into a truck driver, you as of now need a fundamental Commercial Driver’s License (CDL). In addition, drivers have the alternative to get â€Å"endorsements,† or extra affirmations for various types of driving. At this moment, these supports incorporate things like twofold trailers, trave ler vehicles, tank vehicles, and dangerous materials. A few specialists accept that later on, with expanded guideline and a worldwide spotlight on natural maintainability, there might be environmental change-propelled supports identified with ecological principles and possibility arranging. Since each state has its own CDL program, they can tailor these measures to the ecological issues well on the way to affect their state. For instance, warming in Alaska would prompt unexpected natural worries in comparison to, state, expanded typhoons in Florida or along the Gulf Coast, so any adjustments in state-explicit CDL affirmations would be associated with geology and likely possibilities.U.S. street foundation will change.Extreme climate like significant tempests and flooding can make significant harm the framework streets and expressways that truckers depend on to keep cargo moving around the nation. Falling apart streets can build traffic, which means expanding fuel use and carbon outf lows, also losing planned and coordinations. One of the more interesting choices for battling this framework disintegration is self-fixing streets. It sounds super-modern, doesn’t it? In any case, a few materials researchers are as of now investigating ways that regular materials like steel fleece can help streets â€Å"heal† themselves when they experience the ill effects of flooding or general weakening. Better streets mean better everyday outcomes for truck drivers, making it simpler to move payload and decrease mileage on the trucks themselves. Upgrades to foundation that make up for future harm will help the trucking business look after effectiveness (or even enhance flow levels of efficiency).Truckers will become information analysts.Truck driving will at present never be that 9-to-5 employment in a desk area, yet drivers may wind up getting better familiar with ecological information like discharges insights and the effect of their truck and courses on the promp t condition so as to ensure they’re satisfying set natural guidelines while conveying their cargo in the most expense and time-viable ways.Innovation and adaptability will be key.The capacity to adjust and change regardless of what the earth tosses at us will be critical in each industry pushing ahead, yet considerably more so in ventures where the components outside directly affect the main concern. Trucking is an industry that can possibly adjust its natural worries to its business concerns and plan for an unsure ecological future. Regardless of whether a portion of the more desperate environmental change expectations never happen, this move toward ecological duty and flexibility are still liable to influence the trucking business in the years and decades to come.

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 4

Fund - Essay Example ralian dollar, just as the financing costs as evident in the circumstance of the lodging market, and the joblessness circumstance in the mining business. Ultimately, this paper takes a gander at the present endeavors to control the money related markets. The wellsprings of information incorporate article from online renditions of significant papers, for example, the Australian, just as articles from worldwide budgetary foundations, for example, the World Bank and Overseas Development Institute. Other real sources, for example, the site of the Australian government have been used. The main part of the sources incorporate scholastic diaries, for example, Financial Management, McKinsey Quarterly, Cambridge Journal of Economics, and so forth., that tackle the issue of worldwide monetary emergency, from databases, for example, Business Source Premier, Oxford Journals and ABI Inform. The imperceptible hand perspective on the economy, as investigated in the book â€Å"Economics† by Samuelson and Nordhaus, will neglect to exist under two conditions: when there is blemished rivalry and defective data, and when there are showcase externalities. The disappointment in major money related markets exists as a result of both of these conditions. Before the money related emergency, the monetary markets, for example, stocks, securities and common finances markets are viewed as business sectors where the undetectable hand works. The financial exchange has consistently been alluded to as a proficient market by business analysts. As per Brealey, Myers and Marcus, â€Å"the rivalry [in this market] to discover misvalued stocks is exceptional. So when new data comes out, speculators hurry to exploit it and in this way take out any benefit openings (2004, 165).† A proficient market, as indicated by Samuelson and Nordhaus in their book â€Å"Economics† is characterized as â€Å"one where all new data is immediately comprehended by advertise members and turns out to be promptly joined into the market costs (2004, 534).† This quality of the securities exchange as an effective market is credited to the accessibility of

John Lockes Law of Nature Theory - Free Essay Example

According to John Lockes theory of the social contract, a group of citizens have the obligation to themselves and their fellow man to abolish a government not protecting the basic Law of Nature. This law of nature being that each and every man must have the unalienable rights to their life, liberty, and their personal property. Any government that would be going against this natural law is to be considered an unfit and uncivilised government. Therefore, the people governed by this uncivilised state have the right to rebel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most simple way to describe the Law of Nature is that a government must work for the protection of the governed. King Georges refusal to meet the needs of the colonists was a blatant show of disregard for Lockes social contract. He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. (preamble) As a result of King Georges actions, the colonists felt very strongly that their most basic of human needs were not being accommodated by England and the throne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King George again pushed past the basic ideas of Lockes contract when he sent his own personal government regulators to live within the societies of the colonists. He has erected a multitude of new offices and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. (List of Grievances) He went from disregarding their needs for existence, to inserting himself into the very foundation of their lives. The King continued to give his people in the colonies no support in the form of laws and regulations, yet sent people to take what little solaces they had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When a head of government takes power, they vow to protect the citizens of the country in which they hold power, with the exception of a dictatorship or a tyrant. In the instance of King George, he swore to do this exact thing, yet failed when it came to the lives of the colonists. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection. (List of Grievances) By declaring the colonists out of his protection, by the basic ideas of Lockes social contract, he must also declare them out of his rule, yet he continues to rule as if nothing has changed, other than his newly acclaimed hostile attitude towards the colonists. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of the people. (List of Grievances) Not only did The King declare that he could not aid the colonists in defense against threats from the French, Spanish, and native peoples, he added himself into the list of threats the colonists faced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George sealed his fate by sending in his armies. Not only government regulators, but fully armed soldiers to live amongst the colonists. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy of the head of a civilized union. (Resolution of Independence) His actions had come to resemble the acts of a leader of an uncivilized and bloodlusted country. Not a country that was to be recalled as a global power, reaching the farthest ends of the seas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Georges behavior was unacceptable, and he failed the protections and the lives of the people who lived under him. He was there to protect them, not kill them. He blatantly broke Lockes social contract, the likes of which the colonists had admired a great deal, and went beyond bounds that could even be considered civilised. His behavior was unfit for a ruler, and certainly inadequate for the colonists.

9/11 Memorial Remembering the Tragedy

9/11 Memorial or, to be more precise, National September 11 Memorial Museum, is a memorial dedicated to the memory of the greatest tragedy in American history – the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which took lives of 2,997 people. It is also often considered to be the largest and the most expensive memorial in the country – the construction costs are said to exceed $1 billion, even though original design was estimated at $500,000. The Memorial consists of several objects in this or that way commemorating the September 11 attacks. The main element of the Memorial are two enormous pools with largest man-made waterfalls in the United States, located at exact spots the twin towers of the World Trade Center once stood. They symbolize the emptiness and void left after the destruction of the WTC and the death of those who worked there. Although the Memorial is located in the middle of New York, the sound of water falling muffles the noise of the city, which means that nothing interferes with the solemn atmosphere of the place. The pools are surrounded by trees, namely swamp white oaks and American sweetgums, which have been chosen for this role because they grow to 60-80 feet and their lifespan is 300-350 years, which means that they will be standing for years after all who had anything to do with building of the Memorial are long gone. Another important element of the design is the so-called Survivor Tree – a callery pear that was found in the rubble left after the collapse of the World Trade Center. At the moment it was badly burned and barely alive. Although nobody really believed that it was going to survive, it was replanted in a Bronx nursery and, to universal surprise, showed the signs of new growth the next spring. It was surrounded with new care as an important symbol of hope, preservation of life and rebirth. It, however, wasn’t the end of the tree’s misfortunes – in 2010 it was uprooted by a storm and replanted again – true to its name, it stubbornly refused to die the second time. Later it was relocated to the Memorial, where it is considered to be an important part of the general design and its overall message. The parapet of Memorial pools has 76 bronze plates attached to it, having the names of all the victims of September 11 terrorist act, plus the names of six people killed in 1993 World Trade Center bombing, thus ensuring that this tragedy will never be forgotten. However, in addition to the Memorial there is also the Museum of September 11, containing images and artifacts pertaining to the tragedy, audio recordings of stories about the victims and those involved in rescue efforts and video about the events. Its design is worth noting separately – following the principles of deconstructivism, it resembles a partially collapsed building, mirroring the event it is supposed to commemorate. Its exhibits cover the tragedy in its entirety: there are various parts of the original buildings, damaged and destroyed vehicles that surrounded the World Trade Center at the moment of attack, photographs of wreckage and destruction, phone calls of victims and members of rescue force, recordings of their memories and so on. Despite the topic covered by the exhibition being not a little grim, all possible efforts were made to keep it from being traumatizing, especially for people directly connected to the tragedy. All in all, 9/11 Memorial fully corresponds to the importance of the event it is commemorating – the most horrific and gruesome tragedy in the entire American history is marked by the most impressive and imposing monument in the country.

Stakeholder Analysis of the Affordable Care Act - 778 Words

Stakeholder Analysis According to Roy, 2013 the issues of providing the affordable care act will unite both the supporters and offenders of the public policy, but in this current situation where the input costs are rising, it will become impossible for government in managing the public policy related to affordable health care. In order to provide affordable health care, majority of the US government has tried out different policies time to time, but unable to get success in realizing the actual policy goals. By providing the affordable health care to majority of the people who requires more amount as controlling the input cost is not possible (AAMC, 2013). Lack of doctors is one of the primary issue in providing high quality health care to†¦show more content†¦This can demand for some additional health cess to the taxpayers to some extent, the same cannot be added with the government health fund. In this case, government can also issue both interest free and tax free bonds to public for raising funds which will provide for tax saving to the taxpayers. In this case, there will be no interest burden on the government requirements for doubling the health insurance and the amount of compensation will be fixed by government are not sufficient for the holders of health insurance. It will be better if government is including all the citizens within the ambit of the general health insurance. Following is the plausibility graph. Analysing the stakeholders is actually useful in making prediction about both profit and losses that are associated with people with some particular policy. This analysis is a systematic process in which all information are gathered in a systematic manner and these information are qualitatively analyzed in order to determine as whose interest amount should be considered while developing the or in policy or program implementation. Similarly, the stakeholder’s analysis will yield for more accurate and useful information about the health care reforms. This information can also be used for providing the input for the analysis andShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Affordable Care Act963 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the inception of ACA that is Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010 various policies and regulations has been proposed which has more controversy (www.healthcapital.com, 2013). Affordable health act has impact on the stakeholders in different manner. The main concern in the medical field is the input cost which is increasing continuously. 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If a state failed to implement the expansion, it faced the possible loss of all federal Medicaid funding, making it an offer the states could not refuse. However, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not intimidate states into expanding Medicaid. As a result, the

What Is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Godfrey Hardy (1877-1947), an English mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg (1862-1937), a German physician, both found a way to link genetic probability and evolution in the early 20th century. Hardy and Weinberg independently worked on finding a mathematical equation to explain the link between genetic equilibrium and evolution in a population of species. In fact, Weinberg was the first of the two men to publish and lecture on his ideas of genetic equilibrium in 1908. He presented his findings to the Society for the Natural History of the Fatherland in WÃ ¼rttemberg, Germany in January of that year. Hardys work wasnt published until six months after that, but he received all of the recognition because he published in the English language while Weinbergs was only available in German. It took 35 years before Weinbergs contributions were recognized. Even today, some English texts only refer to the idea as Hardys Law, totally discounting the work of Weinberg. Hardy and Weinberg and Microevolution Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution touched briefly on favorable characteristics being passed down from parents to offspring, but the actual mechanism for that was flawed. Gregor Mendel did not publish his work until after Darwins death. Both Hardy and Weinberg understood that natural selection occurred because of small changes ​within the genes of the species. The focus of Hardys and Weinbergs works was on very small changes at a gene level either due to chance or other circumstances that changed the gene pool of the population. The frequency at which certain alleles appeared changed over generations. This change in frequency of the alleles was the driving force behind evolution at a molecular level, or microevolution. Since Hardy was a very gifted mathematician, he wanted to find an equation that would predict allele frequency in populations so he could find the probability of evolution occurring over a number of generations. Weinberg also independently worked toward the same solution.The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equation used the frequency of alleles to predict genotypes and track them over generations. The Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Equation p2 2pq q2 1 (p the frequency or percentage of the dominant allele in decimal format, q the frequency or percentage of the recessive allele in decimal format) Since p is the frequency of all dominant alleles (A), it counts all of the homozygous dominant individuals (AA) and half of the heterozygous individuals (Aa). Likewise, since q is the frequency of all recessive alleles (a), it counts all of the homozygous recessive individuals (aa) and half of the heterozygous individuals (Aa). Therefore, p2 stands for all homozygous dominant individuals, q2 stands for all homozygous recessive individuals, and 2pq is all heterozygous individuals in a population. Everything is set equal to 1 because all individuals in a population equals 100 percent. This equation can accurately determine whether or not evolution has occurred between generations and in which direction the population is heading. In order for this equation to work, it is assumed that all of the following conditions are not met at the same time: Mutation at a DNA level is not occurring.Natural selection is not occurring.The population is infinitely large.All members of the population are able to breed and do breed.All mating is totally random.All individuals produce the same number of offspring.There is no emigration or immigration occurring. The list above describes causes of evolution. If all of these conditions are met at the same time, then there is no evolution occurring in a population. Since the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equation is used to predict evolution, a mechanism for evolution must be happening.

The European Union A Controversial Issue - 2459 Words

Since 1973 when the British first joined the European Union their membership has been a controversial issue. When conservatives in the United Kingdom won the general election in 2015, their election manifesto promised to hold a referendum on whether or not the United Kingdom should stay or leave the European Union. The referendum also referred to as â€Å"Brexit† is scheduled to take place by the end of 2017. The United Kingdom initially joined the union to be part of the common market for the purpose of trade and to develop international relationships. The main argument for those who are pro Brexit is that being part of the European Union is too costly for the United Kingdom, that the EU has grown to large, has interfered to far into†¦show more content†¦The EU has its own currency called the euro which 19 of the 28 European states use. It is run by members of the European parliament, these members set rules that cover a wide range of areas such as rules on transpor t and business. Once a state becomes a member of the European Union they have a right to withdraw from the Union under the Treaty on the European Union. Article 50 in the Treaty on European Union states, â€Å"Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements. If the United Kingdom votes to leave the Union, they would be the first state to ever withdraw their membership. The United Kingdom initially joined the European Union in 1973 for economic reasons hoping to promote trade and form relationships with other states in the Union. In 1975 the UK held its first national referendum on withdrawal from the European Economic Community. According to the poll,† 67 % of Britons voted to stay in the EEC and 32 % voted to leave the union† (GYE). Because of this result the UK stayed in the EU in 1975. Over the past 40 years the European Union has been through a lot of change, many more countries have joined the organizati on and the EU has extended its control over more aspects of daily lives. These changes have sparked a lot of controversy coming from both the UK public and

Symptoms And Treatment Of A Cerebral Vascular Attack

Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability in the world and is increasingly causing more stress and burden on patients and families. After the acute stages of a cerebral vascular attack (CVA) or stroke, patients begin to realize their deficits which may sometimes leave them confused and afraid to go into the community. Rehabilitation is a key focus in recovery to help victims restore their physical function to their maximum potential, as well as develop their psychosocial confidence to be able to integrate into society with a disability. Patients can have an improved recovery from stroke by participating in rehabilitation services in the community and using their support system once discharged from the acute care setting. In this paper, it will be demonstrated that caregivers of stroke patients tend to influence recovery differently. Also, stroke survivors must integrate within their community to continue positive rehabilitation because stroke survivors need a stable environme nt to flourish in recovery. Discussion Greenwood, Mackenzie, Cloud, Wilson, (2008) explains that nurses that communicate to the patient and their families to assist with treatment and rehabilitation seem to aid in the prevention of future reoccurrence of stroke. Communication and care are essential in the treatment courses post stroke. In the continuum of care for stroke survivors, an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) can help with coordinating care for the clinically complex neurological andShow MoreRelatedA Study On A Cerebral Vascular Accident1464 Words   |  6 PagesA cerebral vascular incident can happen to anyone at anytime. Some people know it be called a stroke, CVA, or brain attack. The majority of patients who have had a stoke will have another one within one year. Stoke tend to occur more often in the southern United States also known as the â€Å"stroke belt†. This may be related to the larger number of elderly, tobacco use, and obesity. A cerebral vascular accident ranks high in the major leading c auses of death in the United States, and it happensRead MoreA Look At Non Alzheimer s Disease1684 Words   |  7 PagesA Look At Non-Alzheimer’s Disease Dementias By Katie Bergstrom, PA-S ABSTRACT: The most common tendency in assessing patients who display signs of dementia is to evaluate them for Alzheimer’s Disease. This means that Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia are conversely overlooked as possible diagnoses. Special attention to clinical presentation and the use of diagnostic tests (such as the MRI) and assessment scales (like the Mini Mental State Exam) aid inRead MoreStroke935 Words   |  4 PagesStroke Definition: A stroke is the sudden death of the cells in a specific area of the brain caused by inadequate blood flow. Another name for it is cerebral vascular accident (CVA). A stroke is also called a brain attack. Description: A stroke occurs when an artery bursts or becomes closed when a blood clot lodges in it and blood flow is interrupted to that part of the brain. Blood circulating to that area of the brain served by the artery stops at the point of rupture, and the brain tissueRead MoreCauses And Symptoms Of Cerebral Vascular Accidents1109 Words   |  5 PagesCerebral vascular accidents are also known as strokes. Strokes can cause minimal to severe brain damage which can affect a person’s quality of life. This paper covers the definition, signs and symptoms, treatments, causes, prevention and what a nursing assistant can do to help someone recovering from a stroke. Definition: According to our American Red Cross Nursing Assistant text a cerebral vascular accident, C.V.A., or stroke occurs when blood ï ¬â€šow to a part of the brain is interrupted. The lossRead MoreCva Ischemic Stoke1522 Words   |  7 Pagescategories: Ischemic (85%) in which vascular occlusion and significant hypoperfusion occur and hemorrhage (15%), in which there is extravasation of blood into the brain or subarachnoid space. THROMBOSIS Types of CVA Strokes can be classified into two major categories: Ischemic and Hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are those that are caused by interruption of the blood supply, while Hemorrhagic strokes are the ones which result from rupture of a  blood vessel  or an abnormal vascular structure. * IschemicRead MoreUnit 4 Capstone Project : Cerebral Vascular Accident960 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 4 Capstone project: Cerebral Vascular Accident Jenni Urbas Kaplan University Cerebral vascular Accident (CVA) is the medical term for a stroke. A stroke happens when blood supply to a part of your brain is suddenly cut off or extremely lowered. When this happens, the tissue of the brain gets deprived of food and air. The brain cells start to die within minutes. Having a stroke is an emergency and seeking treatment as soon as possible is crucial to surviving. The sooner you takeRead MoreObstructive Sleep Apnea ( Osa )1199 Words   |  5 Pageswith cerebral neural injury, and that may result in both mood dysregulation[6] and cognitive decline.[7] It remains to be established which neurocognitive domains that are affected by OSA. In patients with OSA, autoregulation is impaired, and that results in hypoperfusion to the brain tissue,[8, 9] particularly in the regions with poor collateral circulation (e.g., such as the terminal small arterial territories).[10] Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion may lead to the development of cerebral smallRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of A Stroke1286 Words   |  6 Pagescompromised life after. So what is a stroke? A stroke also known as Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) happens when there is a loss of blood supply to the brain. In the following we will be looking at the history of the disease, suspected causes, symptoms and treatments. Before we go into the history of a stroke take some time to look at the population chart in the back (pg. 8 image. 1) to see where strokes occur most. As you can see, the chart shows statistics of where strokes occur most and least aroundRead MoreOne Beat At a Time Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesOne Beat at a Time When we think of cardio vascular diseases, we usually always associate them with the loss of a family member or friend. Almost everyone knows of someone who is affected by these tragic diseases. Since the ancient times, there have been clues left showing possible cardio vascular diseases within the Egyptian families. The earliest proof of a cardio vascular disease is of a 3,500 year old Egyptian mummy with a serious case of arthrosclerosis, which was identified via modern CTRead MoreTypes Of Stroke Ischemic Stroke And Ischemic Attack1271 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Stroke also known as cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is a medical emergency, responsible for a large amount of death in United States. Stroke is classified as the fourth leading cause of the death in the United States. There are three different types of stroke ischemic stroke,uv hemorrhagic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Strokes compare to any other diseases is one of the most common cause of adult disability in the United States. Learning about stroke can help you to act fast

Critical Analysis Of Prioritizing Problems In Nursing †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis Of Prioritizing Problems In Nursing. Answer: This essay demonstrates the critical analysis of the treatment provided to a patient, suffering from flash acute pulmonary oedema. In this disorder, fluids are accumulated in the lungs and leads to impaired gas exchange, hypoxaemia and kidney failure as well (Force, 2012). While treating a patient with such disorder, the priority should be restoring the gas exchange as imbalance in the gas exchange can lead to a severe condition of hypoxaemia leading to tissue failures (Purvey Allen, 2017). The provided case study mentions that the patient has decreased breath rates. The x-ray report also points out accumulated fluids in both the lungs. The patient is unable to talk and has increased pulse rates. The other symptoms such as dyspnea cracked breathing sounds and central cyanosis as well. Therefore, the first priority should be treating the impaired gas exchange in the patient. Without restoring the adequate gas exchange, the blood being returned to the circulation, will carry limited oxygen back to the tissues, leading to tissue failure (Purvey Allen, 2017). At first interventions need to be used to reduce the amount of fluid from the alveoli. Then a basic care plan to promote chest expansion and to reduce intrapulmonary shunting of blood. However, if these interventions does not work on the patient, the second priority should be reduce the hypoxemic condition. This condition is more problematic as due to lack of oxygen in the blood cells become hypoxic leading to hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic condition leads to anaerobic metabolism and leads to mass damage of tissues, which can result as life threatening diseases such as cardiac arrest (Prabhakar Semenza, 2012). Lactate, which is secreted during anaerobic metabolism, induces osmotic loads and acidosis. Cell death occurs, as the ATP produced in the cell cannot complete the demand of cells. Therefore, this should be the second priority while treating such patient. Interventions need to be followed to restore the adequate circulation of oxygenated blood to prevent necrosis. References Force, A. D. T. (2012). Acute respiratory distress syndrome.Jama,307(23), 2526-2533. Prabhakar, N. R., Semenza, G. L. (2012). Adaptive and maladaptive cardiorespiratory responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2.Physiological reviews,92(3), 967-1003. Purvey, M., Allen, G. (2017). Managing acute pulmonary oedema.Australian prescriber,40(2), 59.

In this play, there are three main girls in Billy Fishers life Essay Example For Students

In this play, there are three main girls in Billy Fishers life Essay In this play, there are three main girls in Billy Fishers life. Barbara, who is the old fashioned type who believes in a perfect future with two children and a lovely cottage in Devon, Rita, who is a loud mouthed girl with a sluttish appearance and Liz, who can never rest in one place but is very similar to Billy in her thinking. We are led to believe by the writer that Barbara is a very slow thinker. There are quite a few points in the play where we see this but I think the most obvious one is when Rita comes into the Fisher household and starts shouting about what she and Billy have been doing down at Foley Bottoms. Even though it is plainly obvious what she is talking about, Barbara still says to Billy Billy, have you been having relations with this girl? . This is emphasized even more when the stage directions say; finding the right words at last. We are also shown that Barbara is afraid of physical contact, especially from Billy. She is very old fashioned with her morals about sex and marriage. She thinks it very indecent of Billy to be anywhere near her. This is shown when Billy says to Barbara; I love you darling, and the stage directions taking her in his arms and Barbaras answer I love you, and the stage directions moving away. This stage direction is very precise and helps to get a clearer picture of what is happening in the scene and also adds to the impression that we get of Barbaras character. We are encouraged to think that Barbara is very dreamy and is always thinking about the perfect future for herself and Billy. She talks about little Billy and little Barbara and even has in her mind what the curtains in her imaginary home are going to be made out of. She says to Billy, Oh, Ive seen the most marvellous material to make curtains for the living room. Honestly, youll love it. Its a sort of turquoise with lovely little squiggles like wine glasses. Barbara respects the family unit and does her best to fit in and not cause to much disturbance within the Fisher household. She tries to help Mrs Fisher when Florence has one of her dos. She says, even though the proposal is a little bit stupid considering what is happening, Would she like an orange, Mrs Fisher? . She also insists on helping Mrs Fisher in washing up the pots. She has the most respect for the family out of the three girls but then again I think she feels the most comfortable in a family environment. She is portrayed as being very quiet. In the whole of act 2 she says little to Rita even though she is shouting lots of things at her fiancÃÆ'Â ©e and at her which are hurtful. There is one part where Rita says to Barbara Oooh Billy will you kindly tell me? Aw, go take a long walk on a short pier, you squint eyed sow, youre nothing else. And Barbara just stands there and says nothing. Barbara is also shown to be a perfectionist by the writer. She has a perfect future planned for herself and Billy. She is very blinkered and cannot see that the world is different from what she thinks. She has it planned right down to the last detail. She even knows what material she will be using to make the curtains in the living room, and says to Billy; Oh, Ive seen the most marvellous material to make curtains for the living room. Honestly youll love it. Its a sort of turquoise with lovely little squiggles like wine glasses Barbara is the kind of person whose idea of a perfect future involves her with her husband and the children in a little cottage in Devon. She wants the children to be called little Billy and little Barbara. Cause and Effect in My Life EssayBilly tells Liz about the little country he imagines and Liz says, Do you do that? I knew you would. Why are we so alike, Billy? I can read your thoughts. This shows the similarity between them. Liz is written as a person who does not like to be tied down to one place for too long as she is always travelling around the country. Her character comes across as a very strong personality and a free spirit. She likes the uncommitted aspect of her life. This is emphasised when she says, Its this town. Its the people we know. I dont like knowing everybody or becoming a part of things. She is shown by the writers to be very impulsive. When she is talking to Billy she takes the opportunity to persuade him to go to London as soon as it arises. She is also a very persuasive person with the way she makes Billy say he will go to London with her. This is shown when she says, Thats a bit vague. Soon. Why not now? We are made to believe by the writers that Liz doe s not think about what the consequences will be if she goes to London with Billy. She does not care that Billys Grandma has just died and what he might be feeling like. She is slightly insensitive. When she is persuading Billy to come with her to London she does not once ask him whether he is feeling fine with that and if he really does want to go. This is shown when she says But we can, Billy! We can! What is there to stop us? Throughout the play we are told that Liz is a very scruffy person but when we actually reach the part where she is in the play, the description of her is quite different from what we have been told. It says that she is wearing the infamous skirt that we have heard so much about but it is not as dirty as we had been led to believe. This makes us think that the impression that we have got of Liz from others is somewhat different and this suggests that they maybe do not like her very much and so are twisting the truth to let us think that she is not a very nice person. When Billy talks about something Liz doesnt want to talk about she changes the subject. This is shown when her and Billy are talking about the letters she writes to Billy and rips up. She says, Hows Everything with you? Hows the script-writing? Hows the book coming along? and the stage directions changing the subject. This shows that she does not like talking about things that she has done and is almost embarrassed by them. If I was asked which girl I would think Billy would be more likely go with I think I would have to say Barbara because she is the one that forgives him when he lies and is easier to please than Rita. Although Liz has got qualities, like having a lot in common with him, she cannot be depended on a great deal because she is always moving around, and Rita is very demanding of Billy and I dont think she would forgive him if he lied. Barbara offers Billy the most security out of all of them and this is why I think he will pick Barbara.

The development of twentieth

Walter notes: â€Å"In the twentieth century, the music industry underwent a revolution and it brought with it new freedom and wide experimentation. Although there was an emergence of new musical styles and forms which challenged the normal and accepted rules that applied during the earlier periods.† [1] However, there are many composers who continued to work in forms and in a musical language that originated from the nineteenth century. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The development of twentieth-century music: Schoenberg Vs. Stravinsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, modernism became increasingly outstanding and important with composers experimenting with form, tonality and orchestration. These composers are such as Rachmaninoff, Edward Elgar, Claude Debussy and post-Wagnerian composers such as Richard Strauss and Gustav Mahler. A few of the other composers such as Busoni, Schreker, Igor S travinsky and Arnold Schoenberg had already been recognized as modernists even before 1914. All of these composers offered major contributions in the development of music during the 20th century in their own exceptional ways. This paper deals with two of the most significant and vital figures in this development and the roles they played. Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky were two of the most noteworthy composers during the twentieth century, both with different but equally notable roles to the progress of the music industry. Arnold Schoenberg, an Austrian but later became an American composer, was born on 13th September 1874 in the Leopoldstadt district, Vienna in a lower middle class Jewish family. Walter notes â€Å"Schoenberg was linked to the expressionist movement in German poetry and art and he was also a leader of the Second Viennese School.† [2] Schoenberg’s major milestone in the musical scene of the 20th century was his approach in terms of harmony and d evelopment. His approach and thoughts on music have been consciously extended by at least three generations both in the American and European traditions. In some instances, it has also been passionately reacted against such as during the rise of the Nazi party in Austria when his music was labeled as degenerate art. Schoenberg’s name was used as a personification of what turned out to be most polemical aspect of the 20th century art music, advancement in atonality. During the 1920’s, Schoenberg came up with the twelve-tone technique. This is a method of manipulating an ordered series of the twelve notes that are found in the chromatic scale which is has proved to be significant to a great extent. In addition to coming up with the term â€Å"developing variation†, he was also the first modern composer to acknowledge an approach of developing motifs without considering the idea of the supremacy of a centralized melodic idea.[3]Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heinz notes â€Å"apart from him being a painter, a prominent teacher of composition as well as a significant music theorist, Schoenberg taught a number of well-known musicians such as Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Hanns Eisler, John Cage, Lou Harrison, Earl Kim and many others.†[4] Many of his practices such as openly engaging audiences to think critically and crafting the compositional method in a formal way are replicated in advanced musical structures throughout the 20th century. Schoenberg’s past life, visualizations and his views on music which was regularly polemical were crucial to a lot of the major musicologists and opponents of the 20th century era. However, at the age of 42, he found himself enlisted into the army with the instigation of World War 1. His involvement in Military service brought a crisis in his development as it disrupted his life. As a result , Schoenberg was never able to do his work without interruptions or for a long period of time, therefore leaving a lot of unfinished work and some in their initial stages but were yet to be developed. In spite of Arnold Schoenberg being a significant composer of the 20th century, I consider Igor Stravinsky to be more prominent of the two. Stravinsky is renowned as one of the pioneering, ingenious and high-profiled composers of the twentieth century music. He is originally from Russia and was born in 1882 in Lomonosov (originally named Oranienbaum) into a musical family. However he later became a citizen of France and eventually The United States. Despite Stravinsky’s father being an operatic bass player, his parents did not support him and wanted him to practice law. His personal interest however was more concentrated on the musical element and by the time his father passed away in 1902, he was already focusing lesser on his law classes and spending more of his time on his m usical studies. During his university years, he made the acquaintance of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov who was a leading Russian composer at that time. He decided to become a composer at age 20 and therefore Rimsky-Korsakov who also became like a second father to him, took him under his private tutelage from 1902 – 1908. In 1909, his piece Feu d’artifice (Fireworks) was heard by Sergei Diaghilev, the director of the Ballets Russes in Paris during a performance in Saint Petersburg. Diaghilev was satisfactorily impressed and he therefore hired Stravinsky to carry out some orchestrations and as a result he wrote the first ballet for the theater which he named The Firebird. Afterward this was rapidly followed by Petrushka and the Rite of Spring.[5] During his career, which spanned through six decades he composed an impressive succession of works of astounding diversity. There were the vibrantly colorful Russian ballets of the early stages, the sharp wit and purity depicted in his neo-classical compositions and the prevailing spirituality seen in works such as the Symphony of Psalms. In his later works, one could also recognize the highly individual application of serialism. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The development of twentieth-century music: Schoenberg Vs. Stravinsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Stravinsky’s career-life can be categorized into 3 stylistic periods: The first period is the Russian Period, which began with Feu d’artifice and attained reputation with the three ballets that were composed for Diaghilev.† These ballets are L’oiseau de feu, Petrushka and Le Sacre du Printemps, which was among the most legendary classical music revolution. The works of this period were largely influenced by Rimsky-Korsakov’s imaginative scoring and use of instruments and mainly employed Russian folk themes and motifs. The second period whi ch is known as the Neo-classical period began from around 1920 when he implemented a musical idiom that was comparable to that of the classical period up till 1954 when he adjusted to twelve-tone serialism. Stravinsky’s earlier masterpieces, which highlighted his re-evaluation of Mozart’s and Bach’s conventional songs, were â€Å"Pulcinella† and â€Å"The Octet†. For this style, he took up wind instruments and disposed of the large orchestras that were frequently required for ballet. The last neo-classical work was the opera, The Rake’s Progress in 1951 that was based on the designs of Hogarth. From 1954 to 1968, there was the third period which was also known as the serial period. This is when Stravinsky started using successive compositional techniques that included the twelve-tone technique that was initially invented by Arnold Schoenberg along with dodecaphony. He used the twelve-tone technique in compositions such as Memoriam Dylan Th omas, Agon and Canticum Sacrum. He also expanded his use of dodecaphony in Threni, A Sermon, a narrative and a prayer and in The Flood all founded on biblical content. Stravinsky is considered an authority in 20th century music and has had considerable influence on composers of all times in all divisions of music. â€Å"In his use of motivic development, which refers to the use of musical figures used in a composition, Stravinsky used additive motivic development where he added and subtracted notes without regard to the consequent change in meters.† [6] He was also famous for using a distinct rhythm especially in The Rite of Spring, which later influenced composer Aaron Copland to a great extent. According to Andrew J. Browne, â€Å"Stravinsky is perhaps the only composer who has raised rhythm in itself to the dignity of art.† Stravinsky’s use of neo-classicism led to a widespread use of this style by composers in the late 1920’s and 1930’s. In ad dition, he used folk material and often exposed folk themes to their most melodic summaries using techniques such inversion and diminution to contort them. In orchestration, Stravinsky’s ‘The Rite of Spring’ has been discerned as the leading orchestral achievement in the 20th century. He also wrote for unique blends of instruments set up in smaller groups. Besides, he is well known for periodically utilizing extreme arrays of instruments.[7]Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As evidently observed, apart from his technical innovations in harmony and rhythm, one can detect the varying faces of his compositional technique but with a preservation of a distinct individuality, which was also very significant. Stravinsky got his inspiration from different cultures, languages and literatures and therefore the influence he had on composers during his lifetime and even after his death is still remarkable. Bibliography Copland, A Music and Imagination. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1952. Stuckenschmidt, H Schoenberg: his life, world, and work. Schirmer Books, New York, 1978. White, E Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works (Second Ed.). University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1979. E W White. Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works (Second Ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979, p. 141 E W White, Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works (Second Ed.), Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1979, p. 155 E W W hite, Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works (Second Ed.), Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1979, p. 256 H stuckenschmindt, Schoenberg: his life, world, and work, New York, Schirmer Books, 1978, p. 15 A Copland, Music and Imagination, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1952, p. 531. W E Walter, Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works (Second Ed.), Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1979, p. 54. H Stuckenschmindt, Schoenberg: his life, world, and work, New York, Schirmer Books, 1978, p. 124 This essay on The development of twentieth-century music: Schoenberg Vs. Stravinsky was written and submitted by user Paityn George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Trend Analysis and Essay Samples

Trend Analysis and Essay SamplesIf you are an essay writer, you can apply your talents to data analysis and other trends in my profession. Some of the trends in my profession and essay samples include analyzing market trends, financial forensics, stock market trends, and analyzing financial statements, among others. Those who want to be essay writers should consider learning about the trends in my profession. There are many different careers that can involve working with trend analysis in various forms.Data analysts are very good at applying trends in my profession. It is a special skill to know how to use a trend to make good decisions. A lot of the professional traders who have worked in financial markets for a long time to have this skill. A lot of professional traders use trend analytics to predict future movements of financial markets.In the corporate world, data analysts have a tendency to work on large-scale financial analyses. These analyses can be done by these professionals using trends in my profession to help make the right decisions. The important thing to remember about trends in my profession is that they can provide information about current market behavior. They do not provide valuable information about future price movements.A lot of the data analysts and research analysts use indicators to get a sense of the market's direction. They also use indicators to help them make predictions about the direction of the market. Those who want to work as data analysts or research analysts should take advantage of the trends in my profession. By applying these trends, data analysts and research analysts can make some good decisions about which of their projects to work on.Trends in my profession can also be applied to stock market trends. Those who want to be research analysts can use indicators to look at the stock market trends. Those who want to be essay writers can use trends in my profession to make creative and accurate essays about the market. Trend analysis can also be used to make predictions about the direction of the market.Those who want to work in the corporate world and use trends in my profession to help make strategic decisions, such as when to take a break in a project, can get ideas about stock market trends by studying them. Those who want to be essay writers can use trends in my profession to craft successful essays about market behavior. Trend analysis can help those who want to make intelligent decisions about their jobs.Trends in my profession can be applied to various areas of finance. Those who want to be investment analysts or data analysts can use indicators to look at the market's direction. Those who want to be essay writers can use trends in my profession to make creative and accurate essays about the market.Trends in my profession can be applied to work in finance. Trend analysis can help those who want to make intelligent decisions about their jobs. It can help to get a feel for how the market is movin g and can provide the writer with some ideas about the direction of the market.

Free Essays on Kants C.I.

Immanuel Kant bases ethics on the autonomy of good will. Kant attempted to figure out the way we act according to our ability for free choice. Autonomy is any act that is done because of our own free choice. Kant views ethics as an intrinsic good rather than and an instrumental good, or as a good that is built-in and is internal. So anything that you do is done because you decide that it can be accounted for publicly as correct or right. According to Kant, certain acts are morally right if they accompanied by good will, and we are morally good only if we act from duty. Acting morally is not enough according to our duty, we must act only because it is our duty. Kant believes that our main goal in thinking is to reason. In reasoning we come up with objective maxims with which we adjust our personal maxims which we intern use. We are able to step outside of a certain situation and act in a way which is a determined way that we ought to act. We need to look at ourselves critica lly and reflect so we can see ourselves through the views of others. So when considering a certain choice we have to make, we first think of how that choice will look publicly. We then make the choice according to whether it will be accepted or not. Because of this, people realize what they are doing and can be held accountable for the decisions as well as their actions. To Kant, virtue lies in the good will of us rather than any certain end to be achieved, while good will is shown in the performance of an action for the sake of carrying out a duty rather than for some other end. Humans may act as subjects of free will, but the effect of autonomy is morality. A maxim is something that is accepted on its own merits and relates to moral law in that one makes choices according to God as right or wrong. So if we are considering a choice to be publicly accepted we are really considering whether it would be considered right or wrong by God since that is ho... Free Essays on Kant's C.I. Free Essays on Kant's C.I. Immanuel Kant bases ethics on the autonomy of good will. Kant attempted to figure out the way we act according to our ability for free choice. Autonomy is any act that is done because of our own free choice. Kant views ethics as an intrinsic good rather than and an instrumental good, or as a good that is built-in and is internal. So anything that you do is done because you decide that it can be accounted for publicly as correct or right. According to Kant, certain acts are morally right if they accompanied by good will, and we are morally good only if we act from duty. Acting morally is not enough according to our duty, we must act only because it is our duty. Kant believes that our main goal in thinking is to reason. In reasoning we come up with objective maxims with which we adjust our personal maxims which we intern use. We are able to step outside of a certain situation and act in a way which is a determined way that we ought to act. We need to look at ourselves critica lly and reflect so we can see ourselves through the views of others. So when considering a certain choice we have to make, we first think of how that choice will look publicly. We then make the choice according to whether it will be accepted or not. Because of this, people realize what they are doing and can be held accountable for the decisions as well as their actions. To Kant, virtue lies in the good will of us rather than any certain end to be achieved, while good will is shown in the performance of an action for the sake of carrying out a duty rather than for some other end. Humans may act as subjects of free will, but the effect of autonomy is morality. A maxim is something that is accepted on its own merits and relates to moral law in that one makes choices according to God as right or wrong. So if we are considering a choice to be publicly accepted we are really considering whether it would be considered right or wrong by God since that is ho...

Business Unit

This means it could include information about current employees and includes their address, bank details and date of birth. This can only be stored with the consent from the person or if it is necessary for the performance of the person’s job. This Act seeks to provide balance between the interests of an organisation that hold data and the personnel. This person has rights under the Act to access the information, stop information being held about them, prevent the information being passed on for marketing purposes and to have compensation made and to ask the data controller to rectify errors. This Act covers all people. Colleges have had to comply with this Act in several ways and here I have listed three of them. Obtaining permission to use data, Set up data protection policies before starting the business up and training all members of staff. Members have to process data confidentially and accurately to ensure it was seen by nobody outside the business. If someone on the outside of the business found some very personal information about a employee or student this could then deeply upset them and the business could get into a lot of trouble. What is the Freedom of Information Act 2000? The Freedom of Information Act 2000 is an act which defines the ways in which the public may acquire access to government-held information. The objective is to allow individuals and corporations reasonable access to information while minimising the danger of damage to anybody. The idea for this act was first put forward in 1997 and was passed in 2000 and came into full effect in 2005. In order for Colleges to comply with the Freedom of Information Act 2000 they have to regularly publish information whenever possible to a deep enough level. Another way in how Public and government run businesses comply with this information is by allowing the customers of the business to request information from the business which gives them access to their own individual personal information. When a business receives a request, they have a legal responsibility to identify a request which has been made and to handle it accordingly. Staffs who receive customer messages should be particularly aware to identifying potential requests. What is the Computer Misuse Act 1990? The Computer Misuse Act 1990 was designed to enclose legislation and controls over computer crime and Internet fraud. The legislation was created to: -Criminalise unauthorised access to computer systems. -Discourage serious criminals from using a computer in the commission of a criminal offence or seek to get in the way or impair access to data stored within a computer. The Computer Misuse Act 1990 has raised concerns among privacy supporters and those who believe in limiting government authority on daily life and behaviour. However, the Computer Misuse Act has served as a model for computer crime legislation in other Commonwealth countries. How businesses comply with this Act In order for College to comply with this Act they must not: -Display any information which enables others to gain unauthorised access to computer material including instructions for gaining access, computer codes or other devices which assist hacking. -Display any information that may lead to any unauthorised modification of computer materials. -Display any material which may provoke or encourage others to carry out unauthorised access to or modification of computer materials. Ethical issues What are the ethical issues? Codes of practice exist in organisations to maintain business ethics on: -Use of email -Internet -Whistle-blowing -Organisational policies -Information ownership What are Codes of practice? Code of practice is a set of rules which are written which are used to explain how people working in a particular profession should behave. Use of email Most organisations have a code of practice for the correct use of email. Although it is not illegal to perform these, they business tend not to allow this. Tesco tend to state in their code of practice to not use emailing for: -Material which violates copyright restrictions -Personal data about a third party in contravention of the Data Protection Act -Messages likely to cause offence -Material which could be used to breach computer security or facilitate unauthorised access The correct use of emailing in a business such as Tesco is: -To give standard information to a large group of employees -To distribute urgent information quickly -As a memo, but only when the text is short and to the point -To gather views quickly Internet A lot of businesses also have codes of practice on the use of internet and what their employees are able to use their internet for. Things employees aren’t allowed to use the internet for at Tesco are: -Do not access the Internet unless for authorised / supervised activities. -Do not use the Internet to obtain, download, send, print, display or otherwise transmit or gain access to materials which are unlawful, obscene or abusive. -Respect the work and ownership rights of people, as well as other employees or staff. This includes abiding by copyright laws. Do not engage in ‘chat’ activities over the Internet. This takes up valuable resources which could be used by others to benefit their studies. -No pornography Whistle-blowing A whistle-blower is an employee or member of staff who raises a concern about a business practice either to management or to the press. The concerns raised could be: -Fraud -Crime -Danger Whistle-blowers may receive legal protection through the Public Interest Disclosure Act, but the offence being reported must make up an intentional attempt to break the law. Organisational policies Organisations could have many policies to make sure that their business practices with regards to information can be done more ethically. Tesco have to manage their information and also make sure their marketing is fair in order to stay within these policies. Information ownership If a business creates information in the day to day work, then they should be responsible for it. If a business such as Tesco owns information, they then have to protect it to an appropriate degree and this includes the information’s confidentiality and no changed have been done to the information.

PR Planning and Strategy (Blogger Relations) Article

PR Planning and Strategy (Blogger Relations) - Article Example However, the turbines occupy a small land, thus the rest of the land can be utilized for agriculture. This makes this source of energy the most appropriate for farming regions. This implies that land value is increased through these dual uses. However, there can be conflicts in land usage, which can arise from the clearing of trees in water catchment areas. Moreover, many people argue that their presence reduces the value of properties. Black (2006, p. 37) argues that the turbines have rotors which kill birds, especially the eagles, when they are spinning. Electric current generated also kills these birds. Strategic planning can be done in order to eliminate the shortfalls of this source of energy. In addition, the wind industry has to liaise with the environmental organizations to resolve some of these problems. In order to avert the problems associated with global warming fossil fuels, Alternative energy simulation PLC must maintain the production of wind energy at Bidston Hill, Wirral Liverpool. These sources of energy include wind, biomass, and sunlight. Technologies associated with energy are not satisfactory in their applications, thus, there are environmental aspects, which need to be addressed with regard to these energies. The community must embrace this new technology because the government has provided renewable energy subsidies. The community should take advantage of this provision in order to benefit from the subsidies. The high unemployment rate in North Wirral will be resolved because the establishment of wind energy generation in this site will definitely provide the unemployed people with jobs (Brower, 46, 2009). The contract for the installation of turbines and the general development of the infrastructure of this energy investment will provide job opportunities for the local people in Wirral. Consequently, this will boost the livelihood of people at North Wirral. According to Westra (2008, p. 24), the use of wind energy is

BUDGET ISSUES IN NEW YORK STATE Speech or Presentation

BUDGET ISSUES IN NEW YORK STATE - Speech or Presentation Example One of the major issues that had an impact on the New York Budget was the reforms done on the sales tax in 2010. According to the New York State Senate Committee on Budget and Tax Reforms, the sales tax was not effective in keeping pace with the technological changes as well as economic development. One of the notable aspects of the sales tax was that there was large amount of uncollected revenue thus affecting the state budget in terms of increased deficit. For example, according to Scott Peterson a member of the streamlined sales tax governing board, in 2011 New York budget experienced a deficit of $1,518 million based on the uncollected sales tax amounting to $1,415.3million. This resulted to the establishment of public roundtable that was aimed at discussing the sales tax. Thus the sales budget collection process was streamlined leading to reduction in the budget deficit. According to the Senate Select Committee that was formed by the Senate, the sales tax legislation that was pa ssed in 1965, was being affected by the technological, political and economical trends. For example, the committee indicated that the economy was changing to service from industrial based economy. Additionally, there has been an increase in the tax credits as well as sales tax exemption over the years. Thus, there has been no significant growth on the revenue thus affecting the government expenditure. Another notable issue on the sales tax bill that was passed by then governor Nelson Rockefeller was that internet services as well as mail order were major areas where sales tax remained uncollected. This had a negative impact on the state budget in the sense that despite the increased government expenditure, there were no effective mechanisms of tax collection. Based on the impact of the trends in the technology, economy and politics in the form of undermining the fiscal position of the state of New York, Krueger, the leader of the Select Committee, arranged for a meeting with other s takeholders to discuss on how the fiscal stability of the state would be enhanced by establishing a proper sales tax policy which was more rational and economical. This included modernizing the sales tax system. After the meeting to improve the collection and use of the sales tax for improvement of public activities, the committee recommended the use of Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA). This entailed rules that the government authorities would adopt during the collection of sales tax from the urban and local sellers. One of the key aspects that led to the success of the roundtable meeting to solve the sales tax crises that was held in Albany, was the involvement of various stakeholders. For example, the committee took into consideration the ideas from eleven tax experts from various industries. Thus, the experts provided resourceful technical contributions to the select committee thus making the whole process a success. Fixation of New York broken budget process The s econd issues that affected the budgeting process were the reforms that were initiated by Senator Krueger to fix the New York broken budget process in 2010. Krueger aim was to make comprehensive reforms

Maxine Hong Kingstons Woman Warrior Essay -- Maxine Hong Kingston Wom

Maxine Hong Kingston's Woman Warrior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food strengthens us, without it we are weak. Eating has always been an important factor with families living in poor conditions. Often, those who could not help to produce more food are considered inferior or unworthy to eat. Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior is no exception, due to the relation it creates between eating and the strength of people. This is shown through the tale of Fa-Mu-Lan, the story of the eaters, and the references to the fellow relatives left in China.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the tale of Fa-Mu-Lan, the narrator is given a survival test, where she has to survive a mountain trek without provisions. During that trek, the narrator finds herself weary from hunger. Hunger brings out her animal instincts, because she needs to stay strong to live. 'On the fourth and fifth days, my eyesight sharp with hunger, I saw deer and used their trails when our ways coincided. Where deer nibbled, I gathered the fungus, the fungus of immortality'; (25). The narrator is forced to search for her food to eat. The hungrier she becomes, the more feral she is. Meat also played a role in the connection between food and strength. During the beginning of her story she claimed she no longer needed meat. After she became starving, she breaks down and eats meat. '†¦I saw the rabbit had sacrificed itself for me. It had made me a gift of meat'; (26). Her will was eroded by the hunger because as her hunger increased, she became weaker and her resolve was easier t o destroy. When the narrator was not starving she was in control of her faculties. Hunger however, strips her even of vision, as she imagines things that do not exist. The narrator says, 'Hunger also changes the world when eating can't be habit, then neither can seeing. I saw two people made of gold dancing the earth's axis'; (27). Viewing two gold dancers would be wonderful to witness, however the chances are very slim. The hunger had weakened her to the point of confusion, and possibly dilution. Just as hunger weakens a person so they cannot command themselves, eating will make a person powerful and the masters of others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The stories of the heroes who ate heaping amounts of food illustrate that those who can eat have extraordinary powers. The narrator says before, that her mother is powerful';†¦because she can eat anything – quick, pluck out the carp's eyes, one for... ..., yet Kingston continues to reference the topic throughout the book. In the chapter At the Western Place, Brave Orchid meets her sister Moon Orchid at the airport. ''†¦you're so skinny.' 'You're so fat.' 'Fat women are more beautiful than skinny women''; (118). Brave Orchid's bitterness toward American culture influenced the narrator. Fat carried not only excess lipids, it carried wealth and power in Brave Orchid's opinion. Women were more beautiful with fat because wealth enabled them to achieve their 'beauty';. The incessant use of references between strength and eating throughout the book show the narrator was influenced is some manner. The product of the influence may not have been a fat woman, but a woman educated in two cultures. Eating is vitally important in the memoir The Woman Warrior. It is regarded as a sign of strength in the book. That point is shown through Fa-Mu-Lan, the story of heroes, and through relatives in China. With those, Kingston became educated in two differing cultures, possibly influenced by both. The connection between hunger and strength is well known throughout the ages, as the old military adage states, 'An Army marches on its stomach.';

Discuss ‘The Chinese Room’ Argument Essay

In 1980, John Searle began a widespread dispute with his paper, ‘Minds, Brains, and Programmes’ (Searle, 1980). The paper referred to a thought experiment which argued against the possibility that computers can ever have artificial intelligence (AI); in essence a condemnation that machines will ever be able to think. Searle’s argument was based on two key claims. That; â€Å"brains cause minds and syntax doesn’t suffice for semantics† (Searle, 1980, p.417). Syntax in this instance refers to the computer language used to create a programme; a combination of illegible code (to the untrained eye) which provides the basis and commands for the action of a programme running on a computer. Semantics refers to the study of meaning or the understanding behind the use of language. Searle’s claim was that it is the existence of a brain which gives us our minds and the intelligence which we have, and that no combination of programming language is sufficient enough to contribute meaning to the machine and therein for the machine to understand. His claim was that the apparent understanding of a computer is merely more than a set of programmed codes, allowing the machine to extort answers based on available information. He did not deny that computers could be programmed to perform to act as if they understand and have meaning. In fact he quoted; â€Å"the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind, rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states† (Searle, 1980, p. 417). Searle’s argument was that we may be able to create machines with ‘weak AI’ – that is, we can programme a machine to behave as if it were thinking, to simulate thought and produce a perceptible understanding, but the claim of ‘strong AI’ (that machines are able to run with syntax and have cognitive states as humans and understand and produce answers based on this cognitive understanding, that it really has (or is) a mind (Chalmers, 1992)) is just not possible. A machine is unable to generate fundamental human mindsets such as intentionality, subjectivity, and comprehension (Ibid, 1992). Searle’s main argument for this notion came from his ‘Chinese room experiment’, for which there has been much deliberation and denunciation from fellow researchers, philosophers and psychologists. This paper aims to analyse the arguments, assess counter augments and propose that John Searle was accurate in his philosophy; that machines will n ever think as humans and that the issue relates more to the simple fact that a computer is neither human nor biological in nature, nor can it ever be. In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a method of examining the intelligibility of a machine to become known as ‘The Turing Test’ (Turing, 1950). It describes an examination of the veracity to which a machine can be deemed intelligent, should it so pass . Searle (1980) argued that the test is fallible, in that a machine without intelligence is able to pass such a test. ‘The Chinese Room’ is Searle’s example of such machine. ‘The Chinese room’ experiment is what is termed by physicists a ‘thought experiment’ (Reynolds and Kates, 1995); such that it is a hypothetical experiment which is not physically performed, often without any intention of the experiment ever being executed. It was proposed by Searle as a way of illustrating his understanding that a machine will never logically be able to possess a mind. Searle (1980) suggests that we envisage ourselves as a monolingual (speaking only one language) English speaker, locked inside a room with a large group of Chinese writing in addition to a second group of Chinese script. We are also presented with a set of rules in English which allow us to connect the initial set of writings, with the second set of script. The set of rules allows you to identify the first and second set of symbols (syntax) purely by their presenting form. Furthermore, we are presented with a third set of Chinese symbols and additional English instructions whi ch makes it feasible for you to associate particular items from the third batch with the preceding two. This commands you consequently to ‘give back’ particular Chinese symbols with particular shapes in response. Searle encourages us to accept that the initial set of writing is a ‘script’ (a natural language processing computational data set); the second set a ‘story’ and the third group ‘questions’. The symbols which are returned are the ‘answers’ and the English instructions are the ‘computer programme’. However, should you be the one inside ‘the Chinese room’ you would not be aware of this. However, Searle suggests that your responses to the questions become so good, that you are impossible to differentiate from a native Chinese speaker; yet you are merely behaving as a computer. Searle argues that whilst in the room and delivering correct answers, he still does not know anything. He cannot speak Chinese yet is able to produce the correct answers without an understanding of the Chinese language. Searle’s thought experiment demonstrated that of ‘weak AI’; that we can indeed programme a machine to behave as if it were thinking and such to simulate thought and hence produce a perceptible understanding, when in fact the machine understands nothing; it is simply following a linear instructional set, for which the answers are already programmed. The machine is not producing intuitive thought; it is providing a programmed answer. Searle was presented with many critical replies to ‘the Chinese room’ experiment, for which he offered a rejoinder; a retort to the replies by looking at the room in a different way to account for such counterarguments presented by researchers in the field of AI. Harnard (1993) supports ‘The Systems Reply’ in refute of the work of Searle. This argues that we are encouraged to focus on the wrong agent; the individual in the room. This implies that the man in the room does not understand Chinese as a single entity, but the system in which he operates (the room), does. However, an evident opposition to such claim is that the system (the room) again has no real way of connecting meaning to the Chinese symbols any more than the individual man did in the first instance. Even if the individual were to internalize (memorise) the entire instructional components, and be removed from the system (room), how would the system compute the answers, if all the computational ability is within the man. Furthermore, the ‘room’ cannot understand Chinese. ‘The Robot Reply’ is due to refutation by Harnard (1989) who argued that meaning is unable to be attached to the ciphers of Chinese writing due to the lack of ‘sensory-motoric’ connection. That is, the symbols are in no way attached to a physical meaning, that which can be ‘seen’ and comprehended. As children, we learn to associate meaning of words by attaching them to physical ‘things’. Harnard argues, that ‘the Chinese room’ lacks this ability to associate meaning to the words, and thus is unable to produce understanding. Yet, Searle’s defence is that if we were to further imagine a computer inside a robot, producing a representation of walking and perceiving, then according to Harnard, the robot would have understanding of other mental states. However, when Searle places the room (with the man inside) inside the robot and allows the symbols to come from a television attached to the robot, he insists that he still does not have understanding; that his computational production is still merely a display of ‘symbol representation’ (Searle, 1980, p.420). Searle also argues that part of ‘The Robot Reply’ is in itself, disputing the fact that human cognition is merely symbol manipulation and as such refutes the opinion of ‘strong AI’, as it is in need of ‘causal relations to the outside world’ (Ibid, p.420). Again, the system simply follows a computational set of rules installed by the programmer and produces linear answers, based upon such rules. There is no spontaneous thought or understanding of the Chinese symbols, it merely matches with that already programmed in the system. ‘The Robot Reply’ is therefore suggestive that programmed structure is enough to be acc ountable for mental processes; for cognition. ‘[this suggests] that some computational structure is sufficient for mentality, and both are therefore futile’ (Chalmers, 1992, p.3). Further to ‘the Robot Reply’, academics from Berkley (Searle, 1980) proposed ‘The Brain Simulator Reply’, in which the notion of exactly what the man represents is questioned. It is hereby proposed that the computer (man in the room) signifies neurons firing at the synapse of a Chinese narrator. It is argued here that we would have to accept that the machine understood the stories. If we did not, we would have to assume that native Chinese speakers also did not understand the stories since at a neuronal level there would be no difference. The opposition clearly defines understanding by the correct firing of neurons, which may well produce the correct responses from the ‘machine’ and a perceived understanding, that is assumed, but the argument remains; does the machine (man) actually understand that which he is producing (answering), or is it again, merely a computational puzzle, solved through logical programming? Searle argues yes. He asks us to imagine a man in the room using water pipes and valves to represent the biological process of neuronal firing at the synapse. The input (English instructions) now informs the man, which valves to turn on and off and thus produce an answer (a set of flowing pipes at the end of the system). Again, Searle argues that neither the man, nor the pipes actually understand Chinese. Yes, they have an answer and yes, the answer is undoubtedly correct, but the elements which produced the answer (the man and the pipes) still do not understand what the answer is; they do not have semantic representation for the output. Here, the representation of the neurons is simply that; a representation. A representation which is unable to account for the higher functioning processes of the brain and the semanticist understanding therein. Further argument suggests a combination of the aforementioned elements known as ‘The Combination Reply’ should allow for ‘intentionality†™ to the system, as proposed by academics at Berkley and Standford (Simon and Eisenstadt, 2002). The idea is such that combining the intelligence of all the replies aforementioned into one system, the system should be able to produce semantic inference from the linear answer produced by the syntax. Again, Searle (1980) is unable to justify such claims, as the sum of all parts does not account for understanding. Not one of the replies was able to validate genuine understanding from the system and as such, the combination of the three counterarguments, will still remain as ambiguous as first presented. Searle quotes; â€Å"if the robot looks and behaves sufficiently like us then we would suppose, until proven otherwise, that it must have mental states like ours that cause and are expressed by its behavior†¦ [i]f we knew independently how to account for its behavior without such assumptions†¦we would not attribute intentionality to it, especially if we knew it had a formal program† (1980, p. 421). Searle’s argument is simple. If we did not know that a comput er produces answers from specifically programmed syntax, then it is plausible to accept that it may have mental states such as ours. The issue however is straightforwardly so, that we do know that the system is a computational set and as such is not a thinking machine any more so than any other computational structure. ‘The Chinese Room’ thought experiment is undoubtedly notorious and controversial in essence. The thought experiment has been refuted and discredited repeatedly, yet perceivably defended by Searle. His own defensive stance has appeared to cause infuriation amongst ‘strong AI’ theorists, resulting in questionable counter attacks, resulting in more of what appears a â€Å"religious diatribe against AI, masquerading as a serious scientific argument† (Hofstadter 1980, p. 433) than a significant opposition. Searle (1980) argues that accurate programming in no instance can ever produce ‘thought’ in the essence of what we understand thought to be; not only the amalgamation of significant numbers of neurons firing, but the underlying predominance which make us what we are, that predominance being consciousness. From a functionalist perspective, with the mind being entwined within the brain and our bodies entangled further, creating a machine which ‘thinks’ as a human is nigh impossible. To do so, would be to create an exact match of what we are, how we are constructed and the properties of substance of which we stand. If successful, we have not created a thinking ‘machine’ but a thinking ‘human’; a human which alas, is not a machine. Searle (1982) argues that it is an undeniable fact that the earth is comprised of particular biological systems, particularly brains which are able to create intellectual phenomena which are encompassed with meaning. Suggesting that a machine is capable of intelligence would therein suggest that a machine would need the computational power equivalent to that of the human mind. Searle (Ibid, 1982, p. 467) states that he has offered an argument which displays that no recognised machine is able ‘by itself’ to ever be capable of generating such semantic powers. It is therefore assumed, that no matter how far science is able to recreate machines with behavioural characteristics of a ‘thinking’ human, it will never be more than a programmed mass of syntax, computed and presented as thought, yet never actually existing as actual thought. References: Chalmers, D. 1992, ‘Subsymbolic Computation and the Chinese Room’, in J. Dinsmore (ed.), The Symbolic and Connectionist Paradigms: Closing the Gap, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Harnad, S. 1989. Minds, machines and Searle. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 1, pp.5-25. Harnad, S. 1993. Grounding symbols in the analog [sic] world with neural nets. Think 2(1): 12-78 (Special issue on â€Å"Connectionism versus Symbolism,† D.M.W. Powers & P.A. Flach, eds.). Simon, H.A., & Eisenstadt, S.A., 2002. A Chinese Room that Understands Views into the Chinese room. In: J. Preston * M. Bishop (eds). New essays on Searle and artificial intelligence Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 95-108. Hofstadter, D. 1980. Reductionism and religion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3),pp.433–34. Reynolds, G. H., & Kates, D.B. 1995. The second amendment and states’ rights: a thought experiment. William and Mary Law Review, 36, pp.1737-73. Searle, J. 1980. â€Å"Minds, Brains, and Programs.† Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, pp.417-424. Searle, J. 1982. ‘The Myth of the Computer: An Exchange’, in New York Review of Books 4, pp.459-67.